A Leader Is The Position Held By A Person Who Leads A...

Leadership can be defined as the position held by a person who leads a group of people, the head of the group. A leader makes decisions for the group they are leading, hopefully based on what is best for the group. One of the roles of a leader is to influence and shape the members of the group to be more like them or to encourage the people to do something different. Leadership can go hand-in-hand with heroism; however, not always. Heroism can simply be defined as being very brave and courageous. A hero is a person who is praised for their bravery, courageousness, and honorable qualities. Most people connect heroes with the modern superheroes like Batman, Superman, or Spiderman; however, there are many other people that can be classified†¦show more content†¦Although there are many great heroes and leaders with characteristics of confidence and selflessness expressed through works like Beowulf and The One Thousand and One Nights, there are also corrupt leaders with the wrong intentions as expressed through the character of Gilgamesh in the beginning of the poem The Epic of Gilgamesh. The Thousand and One Nights is about a king whose wife cheats on him and as a reaction to her adulterous behaviors, he begins by first killing his wife, then marring a new woman every night just to kill her as well. Determined to stop the king’s killings, Shahrazad marries the king and starts telling him stories every night. She would fall asleep in the middle of her stories with the intent of putting off the king killing her from night to night, in hopes that he would change his mind eventually. The writer of The Thousand and One Nights states, â€Å"But morning overtook Shahrazad, and she lapsed into silence. Then her sister Dinarzad said, ‘Sister, what a lovely story!’ Shahrazad replied, ‘Tomorrow night I shall tell you something even lovelier, stranger, and more wonderful if I live, the Almighty God willing.’† Shahrazad quoted these words or something similar as she continued this process for 1,001 nights until her plan worked. Shahrazad de monstrated many qualities that can classify her as a leader and a hero, which is unusual for women in the era the story was written. She uses wisdom, wit, charm to

Gender Stigma Of Girls Self Esteem Drops Dramatically...

Society has ascribed to women the negative gender stigma that they are weak and incapable. One obvious manifestation of this is the mocking phrase that someone does something, such as run, fight, or hit, â€Å"like a girl†. While most people say this phrase as a joke, it truly does have an effect on young girls. In the Always â€Å"Like a Girl† commercial, parent company Proctor and Gamble presents the statistic that girls self esteem drops dramatically during puberty (AlwaysBrand). Although Always is attempting a new tactic to reverse the negative gender stigmas of women by focusing on the core of the problem, puberty, the point in girls lives when they stop perceiving themselves as strong and capable, Always’ morals have flaws. Large advertisement campaigns like Always determine how well a product will sell based on the response from the viewers. These advertisements represent large marketing investments balanced by the hope of reaping high increases in resu lting sales. By juxtaposing the two ideas of the adolescent target market and the apparently feminist marketing campaign, this paper will examine the psychological changes during puberty and marketer’s focus on adolescent stigmas in an effort to demonstrate that the brand Always is not actually bringing a new face to feminism, just exploiting the issue for their own self-interested profit in sales. Always’ centers the storyboard of their commercial by portraying the differing views of girls that occur as they move through

Community Justice Models - 1416 Words

Abstract My paper describes the four community justice models; involvement, partnership, mobilization and intermediary model. I expanded on the neighborhood watch since it is a perfect example of the mobilization model. In addition, I vouched for the involvement model as being the most effective approach to community justice strategies. In community justice several approaches have been made in order to help members of the community and the justice systems develop a critical understanding of some of the variation in community justice activity. Some of these strategies imposed are the involvement model; the partnership model; the mobilization model and the intermediary model. In the involvement model, citizen participation and policing†¦show more content†¦As community boundaries relate to the purpose of the partnership, so do the relevant stakeholders. However, because community justice initiatives aim to articulate the voice of the community and improve quality of life for everyone that uses or provides resources to the community, the range of stakeholders is very broad. Following the partnership model we move on to the mobilization model whereby the unity of the community is reinforced in order to suppress criminal activity. The essence of the mobilization approach is to bring people together to confront their own problems, to organize people with respect to the quality of their lives (Cardora 2003). A perfect example of the mobilization approach is the neighborhood watch program. In essence, Neighborhood Watch is a crime prevention program that stresses education and common sense. It teaches citizens how to help themselves by identifying and reporting suspicious activity in their neighborhoods. In addition, it provides citizens with the opportunity to make their neighborhoods safer and improve the quality of life. Neighborhood Watch groups typically focus on observation and awareness as a means of preventing crime and employ strategies that range from simply promoting social interaction and watching out for each other to active patrols by groups of citizens. Most neighborhood crime prevention groups are organized around a block or a neighborhood and are started with assistanceShow MoreRelatedRestorative Justice among the Aboriginal People1336 Words   |  5 PagesRestorative justice can be defined as a theory related to justice that is concerned on repairing the harm that is caused or revealed by a criminal behavior (Barsh 2005: 359). Over the years, restorative justice has been seen as an effective way of dealing with both social as well as cultural issues of the aboriginal people. Because of these, restorative justice is used in many of the local communities in an effort to correct criminal behavior. This concept is seen as a conceptualization of justice whichRead MoreEssay on Gang Reduction Program1407 Words   |  6 Pagesresponse to communities with a large amount and growing number of youth gangs the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), a branch of the U.S. Department of Justice, initiated the Gang Reduc tion Program (GRP) (U.S. Department of Justice 2008). The formation of gangs is seen as a response to system failures and community dysfunction. As a result, one of OJJPD’s anti-gang initiatives is to make communities safer and have a pro-social environment (U.S. Department of Justice 2008).Read MoreThe Role Of The Juvenile System For Young People1543 Words   |  7 Pageslikely to commit in risky and anti social behaviors influenced by their peers (Aic.gov.au, 2015). In Australia, both welfare and justice model is used in the criminal justice system where the welfare model argues for the need for rehabilitation for young offenders whereas, the justice model adopts the concept that it’s within the young offender’s choice to commit crime. The models above is what shapes the juvenile systems where in the past 10 years many alterations has been made by key players such asRead MoreCommunity Justice And Criminal Justice980 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity justice is a broad term that includes many aspects of involving the community. The main goal is to enhance the lives within the community through the creation of problem solving strategies and strengthening the standards within the community by restoring victim’s quality of life, and reintegrating offenders of crimes. Although community justice can be traced back hundreds of years. The model is still considered a nontraditional approach in today’s criminal justice sector. Due to its broadRead MoreSolving The Consensus And Conflict Model942 Words   |  4 Pagesme to discuss the consensus and conflict models as explanations to the origin of criminal law. First it is important to distinguish the difference between the two models. According to the textbook â€Å"Criminal Justice Today† the consensus model is defined as a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice a nd the conflict model is defined as a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’sRead MoreJuvenile Justice754 Words   |  3 PagesJuvenile justice has traditionally followed a punitive model when faced with young transgressors. Most juvenile justice departments have then also followed this model, creating a system that is in effect not only separate from the community, but also from the family unit. Many juvenile offenders are then physically removed both from their communities and their families to be incarcerated into punitive institutions. According to the Balanced and Restorative Justice model, however, accountability isRead MoreCesare Beccaria s Influence On Criminal Justice Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pages he is well remembered for his writings on â€Å"On Crimes and Punishments† written in 1764, which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology and the Classical school of criminology by promoting cr iminal justice. (citation) Cesare Beccaria’s credentials include he received his early education in the Jesuit college at Parma. Subsequently, he graduated in law from the University of Pavia in 1758. (citation) *****The key principle made in Beccaria s On CrimesRead MoreThe Limits Of The Criminal Sanction Written By The Criminologist Scholar Herbert Packer Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pages The criminal justice system is finding ways and doing their absolute best to prevent crime and protect their citizens. Preventing crime is not an easy job, the system prevents crime by using their powers to arrest, prosecute, and sentences criminals to prison. Citizens need to feel safe in their environment that they are living in. However, since we are living in a constitutional and democratic society, where citizen rights need to be protected and have due process where people can be innocentRead MoreHow Crime Affects The Community1536 Words   |  7 PagesCrime affects the community any numerous ways. On the individual level, crime makes people feel unsafe, especially if they witness crime. Areas where crime rates are above average, residents deal with reduction in housing equity and property va lue. Gangs especially divided neighborhoods previously built by family’s in their post WWII economic boom. These neighborhoods are now territories in both urban and rural areas. By which, gang activity advocates deviant behavior ranging from prostitution andRead MoreCommunity Justice By David R. Analysis980 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In this analysis we analyze chapters one, two and three from the text What Is Community Justice by David R. Karp and Todd R. Clear. We will then break down a specific case from a chapter in this text. The first chapter is about a placed called Ventura County and in this chapter it also discusses the theory of community justice as a whole as well as the community justice model. Chapter two is a bit broader and discusses neighborhood probation offices, the philosophy behind them and

So Much More free essay sample

â€Å"The aggregate of all our joys and sufferings; thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilizations, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every hopeful child, every mother and father, every inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in the history of our species, lived there on a mote of dust, suspended in a sunbeam.† –Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, Carl Sagan The flame licked our skin as we spoke. The smoke felt good in my lungs. Its heat warmed my heart as the autumn air brushed my skin. I exhaled. Chills scattered down my arms and a smile stretched across my face. We poured our souls into that bonfire, fueling it as it seemed to swallow the world around us. We will write a custom essay sample on So Much More or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We called it a â€Å"fireside chat,† mimicking FDR’s signature radio broadcasts. For hours we sat and talked about anything. About everything. Life itself slowed. Paul, Dan, Evan and I have been inseparable for ages, essentially living out of Evan’s â€Å"man cave.† As our final year together approached, we had gathered that night to ponder our futures. Paul began. He told a tale of simple pleasure and mediocrity; an American ideal. Evan and Dan followed suit, spinning stories about their average aspirations. I sat unmoving, gaze transfixed near the core of the fire. It cracked and fizzled as a break in conversation approached. â€Å"So what about you, Kevin?† Dan questioned. â€Å"You’ve been awfully quiet this whole time.† Silence was my immediate reply. I scoured my brain for an obvious answer, but I merely continued my stare straight ahead. With a long blink I replied simply: â€Å"I dunno.† I turned my head toward the stars, again looking at nothing in particular. â€Å"Not specifically, anyway.† The quiet echoed in the air. â€Å"I mean all that’s great, having a family and everything, but, it’s not enough. Not for me.† â€Å"It’s all too ordinary. I want to make an impact. A huge one. Helping the world one case at a time isn’t enough, I want to redefine it; change the way everyone thinks and everything works.† â€Å"And I’m not sure how I’m going to do it yet. I’ve got so many talents, so much potential, the opportunities are endless. I can’t pick just one way to go from here.† â€Å"So I’m alright not knowing for now†¦but when I do, everyone will.† I nodded lightly and reflected in approval of my speech, my vision again redirected toward the fire. Our voices became part of the crackling flame, the cadence of the wind overtaking the air. I was truly at peace. In that moment, I wasn’t merely a saint or sinner. On our mote of dust, we are defined by our ambitions and our impacts. I want to be so much more than a king forgotten in history. That moment I was something more. I was someone who planned to clutch our world in his hands, someone who could not be overlooked with time. As moments become months, that feeling remains. I am going to make an impact. Our world; our lives cannot be simplified into a single sentence. My life is going to be extraordinary and I refuse to be simply suspended in a sunbeam.

Time in the Great Gatsby free essay sample

People of the Old Money are a tight-knit group; their connections with other rich and powerful families have been created in the past and maintained for a long time, so they possess a certain amount of grace, taste and social subtlety that other classes lack. These connections, and other factors, are what make this social class powerful, and therefore they are able to stay safe and comfortable behind their money and status. In the final chapters, Daisy commits an unpardonable crime by running Myrtle down while driving Gatsbys car. Myrtle dies, but Daisy, because of her money and status, escapes without accepting any responsibility. Gatsby represents New Money. Such nouveau-riche has gained wealth in the post-war economic boom of the 20s, and in Gatsbys case, through illegal activities. However, even with the acquisition of immense wealth, Fitzgerald shows it is impossible for a person born into a lower class to move up the hierarchy. We will write a custom essay sample on Time in the Great Gatsby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many of these people are ostentatious and lack the social graces and taste of the Old Money class. This factor is obvious in Gatsbys monstrous mansion, his yellow Rolls Royce and his weekly parties. In fact, the whole of West Egg is described as vulgar (Daisy), if seen through the eyes of the more dignified and reserved residents of East Egg. When the Buchannans attend one of Gatsbys parties, Daisy is appalled by West Egg, stating that it had raw vigour that chafed under the old euphemisms. (pg. 103) Despite his wealth, it is apparent that Gatsby will never fully belong to the Old Money class. This is explained when Tom, Mr Sloane and a lady visit Gatsbys house. When the lady includes Gatsby in the invitation to her house for supper, he completely misses the subtle reluctance in her offer and accepts. The fact that the offer was just out of politeness can be seen when Tom states, Doesnt he know she doesn’t want him? (pg. 100) Furthermore, Gatsby does not have any social connections with other aristocratic people, and this is shown best when he distances himself from his guests. Gatsby can never really escape his humble origins. He was essentially herded†¦ along a short cut from nothing to nothing (pg. 03) Nothing symbolises his poverty-stricken boyhood, but also foreshadows that eventually, he will end up with nothing. He has played host to a multitude of people at his extravagant parties, but dies friendless and almost alone. In the America of the 1920s, many people acquired wealth, but that did not guarantee acceptance into the ranks of those who were considered Old Money. As a novel about wealth, Fitzgerald makes a distinct s tatement that Gatsby, a representative of the New Money group, does not have the innate qualities of people such as Tom and Daisy. Thus, it is impossible for these classes to integrate completely.

Pharmaceutical Engineering

Pharmaceutical Engineering Introduction Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has grappled with an increased cost in production partly because of uncertainty with regards to the necessities for regulatory compliance. Of particular interest is the validation of particularly the automation systems as well as the accreditation of Practices for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceutical Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, the existence of many yet acceptable interpretations of these regulatory requirements led to confusion between manufacturers leading to inconsistencies in processing practices. With the inception of these practices, a part from increased costs in production, there has been a decrease in the rate at which new products come to market. (World Health Organization, 1997) In the year 1994, a body representing the pharmaceutical engineers in conjunction with both the International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineers (ISPE) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agreed on a common course that led to the creation of Baseline Pharmaceutical Engineering Guides. These guides are aimed at aiding pharmaceutical manufacturers â€Å"in the design, construction and commissioning of facilities that comply with the requirements of FDA† (ISPE Baseline Pharmaceutical Engineering Guides for New and Renovated Facilities, 1999). As such, pharmaceutical industries are required to meet the current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs) which ought to coincide with the entire governing laws and policies. The joint interpretation of these regulations is important for the purpose of consistency, flexibility and enhancement of innovative approach in the design, construction and validation. The scope of this guideline is limited to the development of new products as well as the existing ones which tend to have limited baseline description. However, these guidelines are not intended to substitute the existing laws and regulations which apply to the same. To supplement this document, there is need to incorporate the existing laws and regulations to the same for the purpose of completeness. Basically, this guide owes its guidance from the following sensitive parameters: the critical processing step, product exposure, level of protection, critical parameters, critical instruments and systems, Good Engineering Practice (GEP) and enhanced documentation.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With regards to critical processing step, this is significant in defining consistent regulatory requirements and as such, it specifies the extent of product exposure and the level of protection. However, due to environmental regulations upon a specific methodology employed, standard operating procedures (SOPs) are used hence; this enhances fle xibility in manufacturing designs thereby reducing the processing costs within the regulatory requirements. With regards to critical parameters, this has an effect on the quality of a product. This ought to be identified, regularly checked and controlled to maintain the product quality. In order to identify these parameters, manufacturers should have knowledge about the processing steps and as such document the rational for afterward examination. Critical parameters define critical instruments and systems and just like the parameters, they require in-depth documentation. As regards GEP’s, the guide requires that all processing elements in a facility to â€Å"routinely undergo some form of commissioning† (Milton, 2002). Basically all the engineering aspects of a processing system needs to be inspected regularly, tested and above all recorded down for documentation. GEP requires that prior to setting of the plant, all the stakeholders be involved in â€Å"the planning, design, construction and commissioning phases to ensure systems are documented once† (Latham, 1995). Enhanced documentation is a plus to the Good Engineering Practices. The essence of doing an exhaustive documentation stems from the fact that most systems and commissioning documents do not undergo regular update long after inception. Regulations entail change control with respect to certain document. Moreover, validation for the regular inspection of the critical systems to enhance consistency in quality has to be supported by documentation (Wichmann, 1997). Guide with respect to design of sterile manufacturing facilities Traditionally, the design and construction of a Bulk pharmaceutical chemical (BPC) plant is just like a chemical manufacturing plant and as such, they have ceased from being pharmaceutical dosage-form industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceutical Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn M ore While chemical manufacturers give tolerances for traces of contaminants in the final product, â€Å"pharmaceutical facility and processing design requires provision for minimizing cross contamination and trace contamination† (International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), 2009). In the ISPE guide concerning the recent facility design of BPC, the principles are based on the dosage-form pharmaceutical industries. Consequently, the guideline has become a vital tool in helping a project team meet the minimum restrictions for a facility design in line with cGMPs requirements. Just like in BPC, ISPE gives guidelines with respect to sterile chemicals manufacture in ‘Sterile Manufacturing Guide’. This document was obtained courtesy of great minds in the pharmaceutical fraternity composed of a task force of 50 personalities. The essence of this guide which dwells on engineering issues is meant at providing cost efficient facilities. It generally focuses on t he aseptic processes that ultimately lead to terminal sterility of the final product. The primary features of this guide are: Product requirement, â€Å"GMP critical parameters† and â€Å"Critical Devices†, Terminal sterilization, Aseptic processing area, Protection of the product, Flow of people and material, integrated facility design, Barrier-isolator technology, Consistent HVAC principles, In operation condition for HVAC, Good Engineering Practice, Direct impact systems, Enhanced documentation and Indirect impact systems (International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), 2007). The product requirement decides the vital aseptic needs of a given facility and as such, the ‘critical parameters’ can be established. The aseptic processing area is a region where formulation of the product takes place after which is packaged and sealed. This is a critical area where control of persons a nd materials ought to be perfect to bar cross contamination. An efficient way of a voiding this is by barrier-isolator technology which ought to be incorporated in the design initially during installation. HVAC principles give the baselines for aseptic manufacturing processes. Engineers and designers should take heed of this stage of operation where â€Å"regulators are particularly interested with the in the environment during in-operation condition† (Orange Guide, 2007). This is so because it is believed that this is the time when the product may be exposed. Designers should be in a position to identify the potential sources of microbial/ particulate contamination and the ways of ensuring quality air free of contamination.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Baseline standards also come in handy in the selection of materials as well as finishes since this impact directly on the quality of the final product. It would be insignificant for one to spend much in instrumentation and control yet the no GMP is achieved. As regards Good Engineering Practice, this needs to be applied to the entire facility to ensure compliance of the product with respect to quality needs. This guide brings forth the term ‘direct Impact System’ which basically means the facilities which have a direct impact on the product. Moreover, it highlights the term ‘Indirect Impact System’ which generally means the opposite of the former term. These systems ought to be â€Å"supported by enhanced documentation† (International Cleanroom Standards, 2007). Qualification for compressed air The facilities designed to support pharmaceutical operations ought to comply with the GEP and cGMP. These systems just like as it has been stated initially, t hey may have either direct or indirect impact on the quality of the product. The former system ought to be comprehensively documented and inspected with respect to critical GMPs limits. The stakeholders should agree on the degree of qualifications prior to the installation process. The impact assessment process is represented in the flowchart below: With regards to direct system, the fundamental parameters that ought to be analyzed are: purified water, water for injection, clean steam and HVAC and compressed special gas. The indirect systems that need to be checked are raw water treatment, cooling system, effluent treatment, heating system and boiler house. Commissioning overview normally takes â€Å"equipments from installation to operation as well as incorporating a systematic method for testing and documentation† (European Commission, 2005). Both commissioning and validation procedures come up with equipment lists, component lists, utility verification forms, systematic drawings and operating procedures. However, while validation focuses on user responsibility, commissioning focuses on supplier responsibility. Moreover, while validation is approved by the quality assurance team, commissioning is approved by engineering project team. Since compressed air system is a direct system, qualification work is needed. User Requirement Specification (URS) requires that quality of air be generated from the system at generation and point of use is determined. Furthermore, it calls for safety measure and prevention of contamination. Qualification for Nitrogen gas Air monitoring methods are used to regulate the emission of dangerous gases in the environment by keeping them within the set emission limits. The gases with limited emission limit include Carbon monoxide, compounds of Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur Dioxide and Hazardous air pollutants. The roles of industries are to mitigate these toxic emissions within safe limits. This is achievable through â€Å" Air Pollution Control Devices that include: Mechanical collectors (Hepa filters), Hazardous solvents (thermal oxidation, gas absorption scrubbers and adsorption) and selective catalytic reduction techniques† (Daly, 1985). Qualification for Steam systems Steam is widely used in processing of pharmaceutical products important for treatment. Steam exhaust from boilers also referred to as utility steam come in contact with products directly acting as potential source of ‘direct impact system’. This may be in form of condensate which settles on the products depositing contaminants (rust and additives) on the product. The quality of steam is determined by the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) which determines the final quality of the product. Steam comes in handy when carrying sterilization processes that include: Manufacture of Injectable or Parenteral solutions, which are always sterile. Biopharmaceutical manufacturing and manufacture of sterile solution e.g. ophtha lmic products (D’Elia 1994). Clean steam may cause contamination through humidification among other forms of contamination. Clean steam system design enhances formation of quality products. This is achieved by: â€Å"avoidance of corrosion, prevention of entry of contaminants into the system and, preventing microbial growth in the system† (Reeuwijk, 1998). For the purpose of validation process of steam utility, a sequential process ensures generation clean steam: â€Å"Develop a User Requirement Specification (URS), develop a Functional Specification (FS), Undergo Design Qualification (DQ), Installer Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ) and finally Performance Qualification (PfQ)† (Commission Directive 2003 EC, 2003). Conclusion In a conclusion, for any pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the need for ISPE Guide in the initial installation of facilities is vital to minimize cost due to redesigning of the entire system. The validation and commiss ioning of the processes should be done for once and for all by involving all the stakeholders to limit redesigning costs. Essentially, by implementing ISPE guidelines one will have basically met all the requirements for accreditation procedures set for pharmaceutical industry. This is so because it coincides with the requirements for FDA and WHO (Heinemann, 2003) Bibliography Commission Directive 2003 EC, 2003. Laying dawn the principles and guidelines of good manufacturing practice in respect of medicinal products for human use and investigational medicinal products for human use. London: Department of Health. D’Elia, L., 1994. â€Å"Bioprocess Engineering-Systems, Equipments Facilities†.Utility for Biotechnology Production Plants. New York City: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Daly B., 1985. Woods practical guide to fan engineering. Colchester, Woods of Colchester Ltd. Third impression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. European Commission, 2005. The rules governing medicinal products in the European Community, Volume IV. Good manufacturing practice for medicinal products. European Commission. Brussels: ViVio. Retrieved fromhttps://www.cen.eu/Pages/default.aspx Heinemann, D., 2003. Good Laboratory and Clinical Practices, Techniques for the Quality Assurance Newnnes, Oxford. International Cleanroom Standards, 2007. International Organization for Standardization. Brussels: ViVio. Available at: https://www.iso.org/developing-standards.html International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), 2009. Quality Risk Management – 09. London: Department of Health. Web. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), 2007. Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients 07 , London: Department of Health. Retrieved from: ISPE Baseline Pharmaceutical Engineering Guides for New and Renovated Facilities, 1999. Sterile Manufacturing Facilities, First Edition . London: Department of Health. Latham, T., 1995. â€Å"Clean Steam Systems†. Pharmaceutical Engineering.15 (2), p. 3. Milton, A., 2002. GLP Quality Audit Manual. Interpharm Press, third edition, ISBN 1-57491-106-6 (2002). Orange Guide, 2007.Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors, commonly known as the, MHRA, February 2007, New York University Press. Reeuwijk, P., 1998. FAO Soils Bulletin 74, Guidelines for quality management in soil and plant laboratories, New York University Press. Wichmann, B., 1997. Software in scientific computing, National Physical Laboratory. Measurement Good Practice Guide No. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. World Health Organization, 1997. Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals. A compendium of guidelines and related materials, Volume 1. Geneva: ILO Publications.

The Simple Present Tense of Verbs

The Simple Present Tense of Verbs In English grammar, the simple present tense is a form of the verb that refers to an action or event that is ongoing or that regularly takes place in present time. For example, in the sentence he cries easily, the verb cries is an ongoing action that he easily does.   Except in the case of the word be, the simple present is represented in English by either the base form  of the verb like in I sing or the base form plus the third-person singular -s  inflection  as in She sings. A verb in the simple present tense can appear alone as the main verb in a sentence; this finite  verb form is called simple because it doesnt involve aspect. In English grammar, there are seven accepted functions of the usage of the simple present for of verbs: to express permanent states, general truths, habitual actions, live commentary, performative actions, past time or historic present, and future time. Basic Meaningof the Simple Present There are a variety of uses for the simple present in verb conjugation, but mostly it serves to keep the sentence structure itself grounded in the events happening presently, or as they relate to the here and now. Michael Pearces The Rutledge Dictionary of English Language Studies expertly lays out the seven commonly accepted functions of the simple present form of verbs: 1) Permanent state:  Jupiter  is  a very massive planet.2) General truth:  The earth  is  round.3) Habitual action:  Her daughter  works  in Rome.4) Live commentary:  In each case I  add  the two numbers: three plus three  gives  six . . ..5) Performative:  I  pronounce  you man and wife.6) Past time (see historic present):  He  moves  to the window alongside, and  sees  her inside the office moving away from the door. He  shoots  twice through the window and  kills  her.7) Future time:  My flight  leaves  at four thirty this afternoon. In each of these cases, the simple present serves to keep the verb form in the here and now, even when referring to past or future actions, the sentence is grounded in the present by these verbs, but there are more ways than one to express the present. Simple Present Versus Present Progressive As far as English grammar goes, the simple present does not fully function in describing ongoing events and instead the present progressive form of a verb must be used, although the simple present may be accepted colloquially to entail an ongoing action. Laura A. Michaelis describes this relationship through the example of the verb falls in Aspectual Grammar and Past Time Reference, wherein she says present-tense event predications, if intended as reports upon circumstances ongoing at present, must appear in the present progressive. In the instance of he falls, then, the verb may be interpreted as habitual, but it would be better to use he is falling instead. Using the present progressive, therefore, is more correct than using the simple progressive when stating something as ongoing rather than habitual.